Grammatical Function In Urdu and Hindi?

 Grammatical function refers to the role that a word or phrase plays within a sentence. Each word in a sentence serves a specific purpose and contributes to the overall meaning of the sentence. Here are some common grammatical functions: 

 

Subject: The subject of a sentence is the person, thing, or idea that performs the action or is described in the sentence. It usually contains a noun or pronoun.
Example: She is reading a book.
Verb: The verb is the action or state of being in a sentence. It describes what the subject is doing or the condition it is in.
Example: She is reading a book.
Object: The object is the person, thing, or recipient of the action in a sentence. There are direct objects (receives the action directly) and indirect objects (receives the action indirectly).
Example: She is reading a book.
Predicate: The predicate is everything in a sentence that is not the subject. It includes the verb and all the words that modify or complete the action of the verb.
Example: She is reading a book in the library.
Adjective: An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun, providing more information about its qualities or characteristics.
Example: She is reading an interesting book.
Adverb: An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb. It usually answers questions like how, when, where, or to what extent.
Example: She is reading a book quickly 
 
Preposition:Shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence.
Example: John plays the guitar in the band.
Conjunction:Connects words, phrases, or clauses.
Example: John plays the guitar and sings.
Interjection:Expresses strong emotion and stands alone in a sentence.
Example: Wow! That's impressive.
Noun:A person, place, thing, or idea.
Example: Dog, table, happiness.
Pronoun:Takes the place of a noun.
Example: John plays the guitar; he is talented.
Article:A word that defines a noun as specific or unspecific (definite or indefinite).
Example: She bought a car.
Determiner:Modifies a noun to convey the specificity or quantity.
Example: Some people like ice cream.
 Auxiliary Verb (Helper Verb):Assists the main verb in a sentence, indicating tense, aspect, voice, or modality.
Example: She is singing.
Modal Verb:Expresses the speaker's attitude toward the likelihood or necessity of an action.
Example: He can swim.
Gerund:A verb form ending in -ing that functions as a noun.
Example: Swimming is good exercise.
Infinitive:The base form of a verb, often preceded by "to," that can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
Example: She likes to dance.
Participle:A verb form that functions as an adjective.
Example: The broken window.
Relative Pronoun:Introduces a relative clause and connects it to a noun.
Example: The person who called.
Relative Clause:A subordinate clause that provides additional information about a noun.
Example: The book that she recommended is excellent.
Conjunctive Adverb:Connects two independent clauses and shows the relationship between them.
Example: She worked hard; however, she didn't succeed.
Subordinating Conjunction:Connects a subordinate (dependent) clause to a main (independent) clause.
Example: I'll eat ice cream if I have time.
Direct Object:Receives the action of the verb directly.
Example: She painted a beautiful mural.
Indirect Object:Indicates the person or thing to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done.
Example: She gave him a gift.
Expletive:A word or phrase used to fill a syntactic role without adding to the meaning of a clause.
Example: It is raining.
Disjunct:An adverbial word or phrase that expresses the speaker's attitude towards the content of the sentence.
Example: Honestly, I don't know.
Appositive:A noun or noun phrase that renames or explains another noun or noun phrase.
Example: My friend, a talented musician, is performing tonight.
Absolute Phrase:A phrase that modifies the entire sentence and is not grammatically connected to the main clause.
Example: Her arms folded, she watched the sunset.
Nominalization:The process of turning a verb or adjective into a noun.
Example: The completion of the project is essential.
Ellipsis:The omission of words or phrases that are understood in context.
Example: John likes coffee; Mary, tea.
Parenthetical Expression:A phrase or clause inserted into a sentence as an explanation or afterthought.
Example: The weather, as usual, is unpredictable.
Cleft Sentence:A sentence that is divided into two clauses, emphasizing a particular part of the sentence.
Example: It was on the weekend that I finally finished the book.
Antecedent:A word or phrase to which a pronoun refers.
Example: The students submitted their projects; they were well-prepared
Quantifier:
Expresses the quantity of a noun.
Example: Many people attended the event.
Interrogative Pronoun:
Used to introduce questions.
Example: Who is coming to the party?
Demonstrative Pronoun:
Points to a specific noun.
Example: I want this.
Reciprocal Pronoun:
Indicates an action or feeling is reciprocated.
Example: They gave each other gifts.
Reflexive Pronoun:
Refers back to the subject and indicates that the subject is performing the action on itself.
Example: She hurt herself.
Distributive Pronoun:
Refers to members of a group individually.
Example: Each of the students received a book.
Determiner:
Modifies a noun to convey the specificity or quantity.
Example: I like some fruits.
Predicative Adjective:
An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject.
Example: She is happy.
Suspended Subject:
A sentence where the subject is not immediately revealed.
Example: Lies a treasure in the old castle.
Subjunctive Mood:
Used to express hypothetical or unreal situations.
Example: If I were you, I would go.
Noun Clause:
A clause that functions as a noun within a sentence.
Example: What you said surprised me.
Subjunctive Clause:
A clause expressing a wish, suggestion, demand, or hypothetical situation.
Example: I suggest that he go to the store.